Mechanism of Edema

The generation of interstitial fluid is described by  Starling equation , which states the relationship between osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure , agents with opposite directions along the walls of semi-permeable of the capillaries .

The hydrostatic pressure in the healthy organism, which tends to determine the leakage from the capillaries, it is almost balanced by the osmotic pressure colloid, which is exercised in the opposite direction.

The minimum leakage into the interstitial space is drained by lymphatic vessels, which put back in the venous circulation via the thoracic duct that empties into the junction between the subclavian and internal jugular vein.

When the hydrostatic pressure is no longer balanced by the pressure-colloid osmotic lymphatic obstruction occurs, increases vascular permeability and there is an accumulation of fluid in the interstices, which, if unresolved, causes edema.

Mechanism of Edema

Mechanism of Edema

Treatment of Edema

After identifying the underlying disease, it is possible to determine the most appropriate therapy. Almost always used drugs are diuretics , but the use must be related to underlying disease and not only the need to remove the excess fluid in the tissues. In special cases related to patients refractory to treatment with medications, it is possible to use treatments ultrafiltration extracorporeal blood by means of special machines (similar or identical to those used for dialysis ), and generalized nell edema often should the patient limits the intake of fluids and salt .

Treatment of Edema

In history
The ancient chronicles refer to the disease in many cases and show that this condition is often fatal. Among the most famous historical figures we can remember, among others, the philosopher Heraclitus , the Emperor Trajan , Hadrian , Theodosius I , I Heraclius of Byzantium , Leo III of Byzantium , St. Anthony of Padua , Miguel de Cervantes , the Doge Ludovico Manin , Gustave Courbet , Dante Alighieri , Giovanni Boccaccio , Giacomo Leopardi , the French general Napoleon and Marshal Pierre Francois Charles Augereau Duke of Castiglione, Ugo Foscolo , Nostradamus . In the Bible (Luke 14:3) refers to healing by Jesus of a man suffering from dropsy.

Treatment of Edema

Causes of Edema

The swelling is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of the body. The term dropsy or hydrops (as synonymous with edema) indicates the accumulation of serous fluid in a body cavity, usually the peritoneum.

Edema can affect a limited area, such as a leg , or it can be generalized, when it occurs throughout the body. In this case, before edema is clinically evident, must collect several liters of fluid, which is why the weight gain usually precedes other manifestations of edema. When edema of all parts of the body is called anasarca.

Causes of Edema

Edema can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure (eg due to venous stasis in the case of varicose veins of the lower limbs), or colloid osmotic pressure reduction (for example due to any disease that results in hypoalbuminemia) significant enough not allow more than the lymphatic vessels to drain fluid that accumulates in the interstitial spaces, inflated. It can be caused by obstruction of the lymphatic vessels, which can no longer drain the interstitial fluid (lymphedema) and excessive sodium retention. In these cases, the liquid that accumulates in the interstitial spaces is called transudate as it has a lower specific gravity was 1.012 kg / m 3, is low in protein and contains no inflammatory cells. Finally, you can have swelling in case of inflammation (inflammatory edema) because it increases vascular permeability. In this case the liquid exudate has accumulated since it has high specific gravity, greater than 1.020kg / m 3, is rich in proteins and inflammatory cells. The swelling takes specific names if they are not involved in the interstitial spaces, but the body cavities, is thus the hydrothorax (involving the pleura), the idroperitoneo (or ascites ) or hydropericardium, if it is extended to the subcutaneous tissue of 'body is called anasarca.

The localized forms of the limbs are almost always caused by disorders affecting the circulation of venous or lymphatic , such as a thrombosis, venous. Special cases of localized edema are those resulting from trauma as a swollen finger after a crushing, after hitting a bump or swelling in the head after an insect bite .

Two major forms of localized edema are the ' ascites by accumulation of fluid in the peritoneum , and  hydrothorax with the accumulation of fluid in the pleura , and these two events are generally expressions of major diseases.

The forms of generalized edema have as main causes:
heart disease resulting in a failure;
the conditions that lead to a severe renal failure ;
diseases that cause a strong reduction of albumin , such as nephrotic syndrome , severe impairment of hepatic or states of severe food shortages;
The generalized edema is called anasarca. Other cases of edema include malnutrition, edema, myxedema of  hypothyroidism and edema in Cushing's syndrome . A special case is the idiopathic edema or edema syndrome , which unlike other generalized edema is not related to diseases or risky situations for the patient.

Causes of Edema

Edema Home Remedies

Swelling or edema is fluid accumulation in some strange body tissues. The growth of the fluid may be under the skin - usually in designated areas such as legs (edema of the ankles or peripheral edema) can accumulate in the lungs (pulmonary edema). The position of edema can provide maintenance instructions in the first look at the main cause of fluid accumulation.

Causes edema

The sense of balance and regulation of fluids in the body is very complex. In short, the cause of the edema is defined as the simplest possible, that the small blood vessels in the body (capillaries) leak fluid into surrounding tissues. This excess fluid causes tissues to swell.

The cause of the leak fluid into surrounding tissues, the result of different mechanisms, for example:

Excessive force or pressure in the arteries;
a force outside of the blood vessel causes the liquid drawing, or
the wall of the vessel in danger and can not maintain balance.

Each of these three mechanisms may be involved in a variety of diseases or disorders. Examples include the following.

Pregnancy Edema during pregnancy may occur because pregnant women have a greater volume of fluid circulating in the body, and because they also hold more moisture. A woman is also likely to have swelling postpartum.

Drugs: Edema can be caused by a variety of drugs, steroids, for example, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), thiazolidinediones, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), estrogens, etc.).

Liver disease and / or kidney disease: The two bodies are of vital importance in maintaining fluid balance in the body, and if the illness is present in one of these organ systems, a edema may develop. Examples include: liver cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease and acute renal failure.

Venous insufficiency: This is a common condition where the blood efficiently to the heart of return of peripheral areas of the body (eg ankles, legs, feet, hands), resulting in edema. This generally results in edema of both legs.

Heart failure: If the heart is weak and can not pump blood efficiently, blood will pool in parts of the body, leading to leakage of fluid from blood vessels into surrounding tissues.

Symptoms of peripheral edema include swelling of the affected area (s), causing the surrounding skin to "make safe". The swelling of peripheral edema depends on the severity (it will increase or decrease with changes in body position). For example, if a person lying on the back (back), the swelling does not appear in the legs, but come into view in the area around the sacrum. The skin on the swollen area seems tight and shiny, and often when pressure is applied to the area with a finger, a mark appears. This is called pitting edema.

Home remedies for edema include:

Jump into deep water: Exercising in the pool, a drug to restore to health this problem. This is due to the water pressure to force excess water from tissues into the bladder. It is advised to exercise caution in the pool at a temperature of from 80 to 90 degrees Celsius if a woman pregnant, avoid water above 100 degrees.

Avoid diuretics: Despite the fact that diuretics are efficient in flushing water in excess in people with liver disease, heart or kidney , they as well cause return to normal edema. Uninterrupted use of hormones will set in motion the salt and water withholding and stopped, these hormones are activated and cause water retention.

Minimize salt intake: Avoid foods high in salt, such as hot dogs, burgers, pizzas etc. They contain a very high salinity and let the liquid remain in the kidney of the body have a chance for them, what's on Divorce 24 hours.

Exercise constantly: Exercise has been shown to reduce water retention by removing water and salt through perspiration, respiration and higher urine output increased. If you sat for a long time, up and down stairs or every hour. You can furthermore attempt the subsequent exercise: spot the toes descending then raise them as high as probable at the pump of the calf and also foot muscles. You can also amplify your hands on.

Increase fluid intake: Water moves through the kidneys and the bladder through which urine watery. It is easier for the kidneys to flush watered down urine with salt. Natural water is the best choice as fruit juices, sodas and colas have salt.

Edema Treatment

Edema is the irregular swelling of various parts of the body due to the retention of fluid in body tissues. For the most part, if doctors pass on to edema, they have a discussion about swelling of the lower legs or ankles. Edema is not a disease itself. To a few level, it is a sign that may be linked to illness or injury, or may merely be related to an improper way of life.

Pulmonary edema is the growth of fluid in the extravascular space intemperance of the lungs. This accumulation can steadily manifested as an affected individual with occult renal failure, sudden or dramatic, as in a patient with left ventricular failure after acute myocardial infarction. Pulmonary edema more often than not presents with shortness of breath.

The causes of edema are many. Edema is a symptom by large amount inflammations. Insufficient heart action by congestive heart failure can cause edema. A too high intake of salt can cause general water retention in the body. Sitting and eminence long in one position can cause edema of the lower limbs. At a standstill session life without exercise can cause or aggravate edema.

Symptoms:

• High blood pressure
• Headache
• Press the skin
• More pools
• Palpitations

Treatment and prevention

If you make out you are prone to endure from edema during pregnancy, avoid your spotlight. Your diet is a most important part of the healing of edema during pregnancy.

You should be getting enough protein, but also attention to your sodium ingestion. Too little sodium in your diet can lead to muscle cramps. However, too much lead to an increase in all forms of edema, including pre-eclampsia.

There may be frequent causes of edema, but the most common reason for edema is venous disease. A blood clot or deep vein thrombosis is another common cause of edema. During pregnancy, women hold moisture causing swelling. There is no need to treat edema, such as the swelling will disappear. In women, the monthly menstrual cycle may cause edema, but no treatment is considered basic.

At in progress we have discuss what can cause edema, we can take cure for the disorder. If a sufferer edema caused by single of the less serious conditions and diseases, a easy diet changes can treatment. Salt is of course important for health, but too much salt in the diet can cause harms - individual of which may be edema, because salt can cause water preservation. Decrease the amount of salt in the diet, if this is the case.

Edema can be treated relatively easily and is always healing. With a simple diet change, such as reducing salt intake, edema can be arranged. In severe cases, however, the doctor may diuretic drainage of excess fluids and salts. Bed rest or even increase the legs for a certain period each day can do the trick.

Postpartum edema is a condition in women who have just given birth to feel big and bloated. There are also some uncomfortable parts of the body that feels like it is swelling. It is normal to feel it in your breasts and belly. Some women feel it in their legs and hands.

All that the cause of people suffering from water retention using medications that have to do to help with bloating and eliminate excess water from the system. Calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and Pepto-Bismol, three over-the-counter medications that can help deal with water bloating. There are also natural remedies that can be used to help, such as herbal diuretic tea.

Characteristic edema may affect the feet, ankles and lower legs. These areas will tend to accumulate more moisture due to their relative positions in sitting and standing. Edema is also known to impact other parts of the body. When this happens, a systemic symptoms.

Chronic Lower Extremity Edema

Lower limb edema .

The lower-limb edema may be unilateral or bilateral and takes on different meanings . The review will also look at whether it is of acute onset or is chronic . In all cases, we will consider whether the edema is venous or lymphatic .

Venous edema is often a soft swelling , Pitting, with increased local heat and increasing standing .

The lymphatic edema is rather firm , does not the bucket . The blue test is abnormal in that the injection of patent blue subcutaneously is not accompanied by a reduction along the lymphatic channels but spreadsheet under the skin .

LACE OF VARIOUS TESTS IMAGING

In suspected cases of phlebitis, The Doppler confirms the diagnosis and clarifies if possible the seat of the clot. If it is proximal (iliofemoral) , the risk of embolism leads to practice phlebocavographie which can be supplemented if necessary by placing a filter endoluminal .

If the edema is unilateral but chronic. The venography look for arguments in favor of a chronic phlebitis . If venography is normal , the etiology lymphatic will be demonstrated by a test and a blue lymphatic blockage by lymphography.

Edema can finally have a cause the joint compression process, especially in the scarpa ; it can be caused by arteritis or an arteriovenous malformation as Klippel-Trenaunay .

If the edema is bilateral , after eliminating the general causes , will seek a bilateral phlebitis or compression by a cave phlebocavographie. The absence of a venous anomalies will find a lymphedema and its causes . Note that the compression or invasion by a retroperitoneal process, edema is often mixed : venous and lymphatic

EVALUATION QUESTIONS

QCM 13.1: before a vein substitute suprapubic , what is the diagnosis to evoke ?

A - iliac vein thrombosis ,

B - arteritis associated ,

C - valvular insufficiency ,

D - SVC thrombosis ,

E - sural thrombosis .

QCM 13.2: Radiological signs which can be seen in the aftermath of DVT when venography performed in the lower ?

A - irregular contours venous ,

B - gaps in the image cup, surrounded by the contrast,

C - laminated aspect of the venous system ,

D - pack vascular

E - arteriovenous fistula .

QCM 13.3: A patient has bilateral edema of the lower . Phlebography revealed extrinsic compression of the inferior vena cava . The examinations for first-line guiding the etiologic diagnosis are:

A - abdominal and pelvic ultrasound ,

B - aortography ,

C - abdominopelvic CT ,

D - cavography by jugular

E - MRI pelvis .

QCM 13.4: What is the review to be carried out before a unilateral chronic swelling of the lower limb. When the Doppler is normal?

A - pelvic CT ,

B - cavography,

C - after lymphography blue test ,

D - arteriography ,

E - Monitoring .

Chronic Lower Extremity Edema

Chronic Lower Extremity Edema